Nursing Care Delivery Model Team Nursing Essay - 844 Words

Nursing Care Delivery Model: Team Nursing I. Select Nursing Care Delivery Model from the literature: Team nursing as a care delivery model was developed in New York, NY in 1950s. This nursing care model consists of a group of nurses who work alongside as a team to provide patients’ care. The team shares responsibility and collaborates efficiently. The team leader is usually an RN (King, 2013). Describe Nursing Care Delivery Model: a) What personnel are utilized? In team nursing the care of the patient divided between team members- licensed and unlicensed personnel whose work is coordinated by the team leader, most of the times- RN appointed by the charge nurse. b) What are their roles/responsibilities? In team nursing the responsibilities usually divided in between the personnel, so that everyone’s has its own role in patient’s care. For example, RN might be assigned for patients’ assessments, LPN assigned for certain medication administration and nursing assistant helps with care/bathing and feeding patients. All this done under supervision of a team leader another RN (Currentnursing.com, 2015). c) How is the work coordinated? The appointed team leader is coordinating the flow of the work done. The team leader gives directions and instructions in details to team members, he/she is also schedules the care and assigns the tasks in between the team members. d) What are the reporting relationship? The team leader utilizes different methods to communicate with each teamShow MoreRelatedIn Recent Nursing Practice, There Are Several Different1707 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent nursing practice, there are several different nursing care delivery models being used in various facilities. Some of the models include the following: case method (total patient care); functional nursing; team nursing; primary nursing including hybrid forms; and nursing case management (Yoder-Wise, 2015). The goal and purpose of nursing care delivery systems is to serve as a framework for assigning workload (patients) to staff (nurses). Care delivery models are pivotal in nursing practiceRead MoreLiterature Review.. According To The Canadian Nurses Association,1696 Words   |  7 Pagesexist on the effectiveness of nursing care delivery models across the continuum of care (2010). A literature review consisting of empirical and theoretical research was conducted to gain insight into three specific models of nu rsing care: primary nursing, total patient care nursing, and team nursing. The literature pertaining to each model will be explored first, followed by a comparison of the models themselves. Primary (SAM) The two central premises of Primary Nursing are relationship buildingRead MoreNursing Delivery Systems : Nursing Care Delivery System1517 Words   |  7 PagesNursing care delivery system describes how organizations deliver care to their patients. Any care delivery system is defined by these elements; Nurse/patient relationship and decision-making, work allocation and/or patient assignments, communication between members of the health care team, and management of the unit environment (Koloroutis. 2004.) In other words, nursing care delivery model defines how work is organized, who is going to perform what tasks, who is responsible for nursing care andRead MoreThe Historical Reshaping Of Primary Nursing As A Type Care Model1325 Words   |  6 Pagesbackdrop of nursing, various types of delivery care model have been utilized and contributed to the reshaping of more current models. Primary nursing model is one of which that has been generally used for a long time and contributed signi ficantly to the nursing profession. It has also held incredible significance in the molding of the many newer delivery care models. Primary nursing is a type care model that has been generally utilized all through the nursing profession by nurses, it is a care model in whichRead MoreNursing Delivery Systems : Nursing Care Delivery System Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Care Delivery Systems Prior to adapting a nursing care delivery system, a healthcare organization would need to consider the fallowing factors, e.g., the type of health care setting, the organizational structure and resources, management staffing, supplies, physical layout, and the patients’ needs. However, no nursing care delivery system is written on stone. Thus, at any given time, a hospital can modify or adapt a new care model to align care in response to patient needs. Total PatientRead MoreFunctional Care Delivery Model Of Nursing1277 Words   |  6 PagesFunctional Care Delivery Model Care delivery Model in Nursing is the managerial structure under which nursing care is delivered to patients ( ). There are several model of delivering nursing care available to health care institutions. Examples of care delivery models are †¢ Case method model, in which one nurse provides complete care for a patent during an assigned shift. †¢ Functional model, where care is delivered by many caregivers each performingRead MoreNursing Models : Nursing Model1678 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Care Models Nursing care is delivered using a multitude of different directional models and the express means of delivery can vary significantly from one healthcare system to another (Seago, 2012). One of the most basic explanations of a model describes it as a replica representing reality or an uncomplicated way to describe a compound and intricate incident (UWEL, 2017). According to McKenna (1997), nursing models function as conceptual tools that can help to bring clarity and proportionRead MoreNursing Care Model Delivery System1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthe nursing care model delivery system, that is used in my practice setting. I currently work in a busy emergency department, work flow and patient census drive the delivery of care, I will discuss in this paper how the use of the team nursing delivery model is used. Team nursing is the essential care model in emergency room care, the nurse and other healthcare providers work as team to provide positive patient outcomes. We use all disciples in the delivery of care, weRead MoreEvolving Practice Of Nursing And Patient Care Delivery Models977 Words   |  4 PagesEvolving Practice of Nursing and Patient Care Delivery Models. Speech To my fellow nurses. You are welcome to our professional nurse evolution summit. The United health care system is changing with the nursing profession. Health care cost has doubled, if not tripled in the recent years. The American population is ageing and diseases are becoming more complex. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is one thing that will lead to change worldwide. With signing the PPACA into law, approximatelyRead MoreEvolving Practice of Nursing and Patient Care Delivery Models682 Words   |  3 PagesEvolving Practice of Nursing and Patient Care Delivery Models: Healthcare is one of the greatest growing professions across the globe because of the increase in population, rising healthcare costs, and increase in the demand for nurses. As the United States continues to focus on restructuring its health care delivery system, the practice of nursing and its professionals will continue to play an important role. As a result, there are huge expectations that more nursing jobs will become available

Shaun Tan - 984 Words

Shaun Tan Shaun Tan, born in 1974, is an award winning illustrator and author of many well-known children’s books. Tan was born and raised in Fremantle, Western Australia, where as a boy, spent his time writing and illustrating poems and stories. Tan was known at his primary school as very talented artist. Through out high school, Tan continued his passion for illustrating, where he was enrolled in a special art program for gifted students. However, Tan eventually took an academic path into university where he studied studied to become a geneticist before chasing down his dream of working as an artist. Tan picked up his education at the University of Western Australia where he studied fine arts and English Literature and graduated in†¦show more content†¦These illustrations were set out in a format similar to a comic strip meaning that a lot of the images he drew were quite similar and would have been very repetitive. Tan stated that for each of the two thousand illustrations a ccumulated the same time to produce as a canvas-sized image would. However when Tan is creating a collage, he will create graphite sketches, which may then be reproduced numerous times with different versions varying with parts added or removed, but usually this process is done with scissors and glue. Although Tan is allowed a large amount of his own interpretation to reflect in his drawings, he still must have a very close relationship with his client being the author. At the end of the day Tan still has to fit his interpretations inside of what the author actually wants or the design brief. The relationship must be strong to allow for a connection from the authors thought through to Tan’s illustrations, meaning Tan really has to understand and feel what the author is trying to tell through his story. Tan has always been known as a very good user of the graphite pencil. This is something he has been practicing since he was a young child and is now very talented. Tan is able to capture in his pencil drawings such a large amount of depth and tonal range. Despite the fact Tan dislikes drawing realistic figures, he proved in his novel, The Arrival that he is quite talented in producing realisticShow MoreRelatedThe Arrival - Shaun Tan1952 Words   |  8 PagesThe Arrival - Shaun Tan Where the text came from The Arrival is a migrant story told as a series of wordless images, it was illustrated by Shaun Tan in 2006. Purpose of text The fact that Shaun Tan grew up in Perth, he said was one of the main reasons for making so many novels based on the concept of belonging, he describe Perth as being one of the most isolated cities in the world, sandwiched between a vast desert and a vaster ocean, and they lived in a â€Å"freshly minted northern suburb that wasRead MoreThe Arrival By Shaun Tan1286 Words   |  6 PagesAnticipation, heartache, and mystery are only a few of the abundant emotions immigrants feel on their journey to the United States. Notably, in Shaun Tan’s graphic novel, The Arrival, the main character experiences the same series of emotions on his immigration journey seeking safe haven. In fact, through the three-week introduction to a new adventure and literature, I was able to tune into the same feelings and genuinely understand the dismal journey of the immigrant archetype. Furthermore, thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Shaun Tan s The Arrival1569 Words   |  7 PagesIt is said that although we have made our own choices, our companions steer us to either achieve or hinder such goals from happening. In popular culture, our relationships can encourage the chances of growth and success. This is directly proven in Shaun Tan’s The Arrival, where the unnamed protagonist initially struggles to adapt to the culture of his new city. Later on in the book, he comes across other people who have came from different backgrounds and hears about their stories about how they arrivedRead MoreLiterature is a textually transmitted disease, normally contracted in childhood‚Äà ¹ Word and Image in Shaun Tans The Arrival3817 Words   |  16 PagesLiterature is a textually transmitted disease, normally contracted in childhood† Word and Image in Shaun Tans The Arrival As a reader we are evidently drawn firstly to a book who’s title and/or image on the cover excites us. Adult Fiction is evidently presented in the form of a novel but Shaun Tan breaks away from traditional conventions of a novel format, producing texts that inhabit the shape of a picture book, whether including or excluding written language. ThisRead MoreMigrant Hostel And 10 Mary Street 1258 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigrants arriving in a new country and bad examples can include someone blending into a bad population. Poems Migrant Hostel and 10 Mary Street portray belonging via literary techniques by Peter Skrzynecki, and also The Lost Thing by Shaun Tan convey belonging and how ones choices and attitudes of others affect the sense of acceptance. Migrant Hostel includes poet Skrzynecki and his family living in a hostel along with other Polish migrants, Peter Skrzynecki documents his experiencesRead MoreJourney - Life of Pi, Journey to the Interior, the Re d Tree Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesmentally or emotionally as they face challenges. This understanding of mine has been shaped by the novel Life of Pi, written by Yann Martel, ‘Journey to the Interior’, a poem by Margaret Atwood and The Red Tree, a picture book by Shaun Tan. Yann Martel, Margaret Atwood and Shaun Tan use various techniques such as extended metaphors, symbolism, imagery and figurative language to show how journeys lead to self discovery and they are the only way one will find what they are searching for and also allow travellersRead MoreEssay Perceptions on Belonging1014 Words   |  5 Pagesthe New York Times shows the perception of belonging as the idea about connecting to a place, person, group or a community. Feliks Skrzynecki by Peter Skrzynecki, Im nobody! Who are you? by Emily Dickinson and The Rabbits by John Marsden Shaun Tan show the concept of belonging as being contrasted towards the New York Times quote, showing the alienation and non -existent connection towards it. These texts have furthered my understanding on the perceptions of belonging by recognising the differentRead MoreThe Lost Thing Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesself esteem, to feelings of unhappiness and loneliness. When someone does not fit in, often because they are different, the negative emotions that they feel can be very harmful. The picture book The Lost Thing (2000), written and illustrated by Shaun Tan, explores the themes of belonging and alienation that occur in modern society. The story begins with a man trying to recall stories from his youth. The only one he can remember is about when he was a young boy and he discovers a gigantic, red, machine-likeRead MoreBelonging Essay - 2 Related Texts1078 Words   |  5 Pages* The Red Tree by Shaun Tan * Who you are by Jessie J You will almost always find where you belong if you search for it. So ultimately a sense of belonging comes down to perception. This starts from places and/ or relationships, which potentially alter your understanding or you and the world around you, so you can accept the person you are and your individual identity by creating this sense of belonging. In strictly ballroom by Baz Lurhmann, The Red Tree by Shaun Tan and who you are byRead MoreBelonging Essay773 Words   |  4 Pagesunwelcoming new world in which they don’t understand anything. Skrzynecki’s poem ‘Feliks Skryznecki’ explores a relationship between father and son, and their contrasting experiences of belonging to a new place. The related text, ‘The Red Tree,’ by Shaun Tan also shows that a lack of understanding can prevent belonging, whereas increasing understanding can lead to a sense of knowing your place in the world and knowing where you belong. Understanding nourishes belonging. This is shown in the poem ‘Migrant

Life After Death Free Essays

Life after Death. Daniel Yashinsky 16/09/2011 Death is a word that someone never likes to hear but questions that always come to mind are what happens after we die. Many people believe in different situations but ultimately I assume that the way we live out our life will determine our results in the afterlife. We will write a custom essay sample on Life After Death or any similar topic only for you Order Now Almost like being punished in a sense it’s the way of the society to believe in morals such as right and wrong. Who or what judges the fact of where we go. Are these theories accurate or is it all just a fabrication. All in all it’s pretty hard not to think of the one thing you can’t run from. Since the moment I was born my parents have been telling me what is right and what is wrong. So if I was to do something wrong I would get punished so these morals have always been engraved in my brain. Who decided what is right and what is wrong, why do we have these morals and why do we get punished for committing so called sins? I don’t think there is a true answer for that, but people think that if you are a good human which can mean so many different things but in general if you live out your life doing good deeds that you will go to a heaven. This theory also works in the opposite way as well, when people commit sins that are against the â€Å"norm† of the society they live in then they will go to hell. This is one of the reasons why religion has been followed for so long to keep society in control according to what we presume is in control. If one believes in this then it will be easy for someone to just live their life and not fear what is beyond the threshold of death. But one question still remains, who decides our faith after death. Today I was asked â€Å"do you believe in god? I didn’t know how to respond because all I could think about was the reasoning for his asking. Did he want me to believe in god? Was he just curious to know what my thoughts were on the matter? All I know is it’s a personal question but it felt like I was being judged. I like to have my own views on things I don’t usually conform to society, almost like an existentialist. So the answer to the question is somewhat, I don’t particularly believe in god itself, but I think there is some sort of higher power. The real question is if this higher power ends up judging us just like this man did to me today. So this higher power for some odd reason gets to judge me and the rest of the world to decide if we get to go to a happy place or a sad place in simple words that is what religion means. People devote their whole lives thinking if they follow this rule their afterlife will turn out well for the rest of eternity. Now I will see beyond this and look at people who do not believe in god what so ever, so these sorts of people are condemned to live in the underworld. Now who’s to say that the way I live my life will determine my afterlife. Why should I believe something that someone has just made up without any proof? Anything can happen after you die; people shouldn’t spend their whole life deciphering the code of death. The reason people feel such a need to believe in something is because they have a fear, the fear of the unknown. When you don’t know what is going to come after you die, how can’t face those fears. I honestly believe that any of these theories can be true, but little did I know how much death plays a star role in so many people’s lives. Truthfully everyone sees death differently and depending on who you are Now life is an important thing to all of us, why waste it thinking about what’s going to happen after death. If I was to die I would like to one to judge me on the things I have done in my lifetime. This will give a meaning to my life and many other lives as well. Seeing how so many people believe in this way of life that it would be terrible not to see it fulfilled, also a something of a higher power judges us and leads us through the rest of eternity. Finally we can go against it all and say that all that happens is we rot in the ground. So for all we know life as we know it can be death without any real proof we just have theories but my beliefs will stay strong . How to cite Life After Death, Essays

Professional Accountant States Business Organizations

Question: Describe about the Professional Accountant for States Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction: The current assignment deals with reviewing the occurrence of the merger in the contemporary era. This is because the merger and acquisition volumes have increased globally during the summer and autumn periods of 2016, especially in USA, which signify that mergers occur in cyclical patterns. In this context, Ahuja and Novelli (2014) remarked that a merger is a deal, which is mainly intended to combine two companies into a single firm for reaping the maximum benefits out of the market. Therefore, the assignment concentrates on finding evidences for supporting the fact that mergers take place in a cyclical and recurring manner. The last segment of the study sheds light on demonstrating that the merger activity occurs in random fashion and it could not be predicted in cyclical terms. i. Evidence to support that merger occurs in a recurring and cyclical manner: According to Balouziyeh (2013), the changes in the global economic conditions and business trends have indicated that mergers tend to happen in cycles. This is because the business consolidations tend to bottom out during times of economic recession due to low valuations of the firms. For instance, the merger activity between North Star Asset Management Group and Colony Capital in June 2016 and the deal between Shire and Baxalta in the same period depicts that the mergers happened in the summer season of USA. Since the 20th century, the global economy has experienced an unprecedented wave in the merger activities. This is because the number of mergers between 1900 and 2000 has been more than thrice with the increase in the volume of transactions (Bena and Li 2014). The tentative bubble at the share markets has inflated the volume of transactions, since a number of mergers have been financed through equity exchange. When the valuations of the banks are low, the acquirers possess little interest in utilising the shares, which are traded at discounts as currencies for deals. As a result, the acquirers tend to hold their cash back. As a result, the mergers and acquisition activities have declined significantly after 2009. After the economic downturn, a period of FDIC-assisted transactions took place, in which the regulators contend with the banks suffering from liquidity problems. As a result, it has lead to prolonged time of bank closures, which occurred between the years 2008 - 2011 (Cartwright and Cooper 2014). In this phase, the activities related to mergers and acquisitions focus on banks going through credit problems. As a result, it has enabled the regulators to develop a process of bid for attracting the potential acquirers. This has offered the opportunity for asset consolidation along with a gain of bargain purchase at the closure of the deal (Cooper and Finkelstein 2014). According to the FDIC reports, the nation has reported incidents of above 400 bank failures from 2008 to 2011 (Custodio 2014). However, the number of incidents has declined to only 35 from 2012 to 2015, which signifies that the US banking industry has stabilised over the years. The FDIC-assisted transactions have continued to dwindle, which has been represented in the form of a table as follows: Particulars 2012 2011 2010 2009 Advisers of large hedge funds 31 90 157 140 Table 1: Large hedge fund advisers in USA for the years 2009 - 2012 (Source: Fich, Nguyen and Officer 2015) The above table indicates that after the global financial crisis of 2008, the merger and acquisition activities in the banking sector of USA have experienced a major setback due to the fall in valuations. Henceforth, the following evidences have been put forward to support that mergers occur in recurring and cyclical manner in the US: First Merger Wave (1897-1907): This was followed after the occurrence of the first global depression in 1983. Nearly 70% of all the merger activities in USA during this period were concentrated in a number of industries, which include petroleum, metals, mining, transport and food products. In this wave, the number of horizontal mergers has been considerable, which concentrated the influenced industries. For instance, in this wave, JP Morgan has merged Carnegie Steel with U.S. Steel and above 700 small steel companies. The resulting firm had controlled nearly 70-80% of steel production in the nation (Galpin and Herndon 2014). This phase was characterised as the monopoly market. Second Merger Wave (1916-1929): The second merger wave have begun during the First World War and lasted until the decline of the stock market on 29th October 1929. However, the governmental scrutiny has increased during this phase. The Clayton Act (1914) was developed as a supplementary tool for the US federal authorities to exert against the uncompetitive mergers. In this phase, the vertical mergers were more in contrast to horizontal mergers and oligopoly market structure was the main feature of this wave (Krug, Wright and Kroll 2014). Third Merger Wave (1965-1969): During this phase, the economic prosperity in USA had increased largely and such strong economy has helped many organisations in arranging necessary resources for acquiring the other organisations. In addition, this phase could be characterised as the phase of conglomerate mergers, since the mergers took place between the unrelated organisations (Lebedev et al. 2015). However, the horizontal mergers, which occurred during this period, had been subject to stringent antitrust enforcement in the form of a new legislation Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950. Fourth Merger Wave (1981-1989): This phase had coincided with Ronald Reagans presidency, in which the economic prosperity was greater from the mid to late 1980s (Moeller and Brady 2014). However, during this period, the number of hostile mergers had increased and it is in this phase that the idiom corporate raider made its way in the US glossary. In addition, the sizes of the mergers were relatively bigger in comparison to the previous period, in which debt financing was used to fund mergers. Fifth Merger Wave (1993-2000): This phase had occurred after the economic downturn of 1990-91 under the presidency of Bill Clinton. The level of mergers in this phase was identical to that of the previous phase; however, the hostile takeover had diminished. In addition, the mergers occurred in this phase aim to ensure broader business strategies instead of short-term financial profits. Finally, debt financing has been minimised in this phase to fund merger activities. ii. Occurrence of merger in random fashion and unpredictability of the activity in cyclical terms: It has been a major debate that mergers do not follow any cycle; rather it occurs in random fashion. Therefore, the mergers are unpredictable in nature, which could be validated by considering a wide array of factors, as depicted below: Difference in merger: In the words of Girasa (2013), mergers depend on a variety of influential dynamics from the business rationale to the personnel involved in conducting the same. The strategies over time by following the previous trend could backfire, if there is a change in the market scenario or variation in cultures of the two firms. Even the personnel, who have witnessed many previous mergers, might find it complex to foresee the future performance. This is because they would review the past mergers, which have failed miserably and apprehend the worst upshot. In addition, such personnel would share such scare incidents with their other colleagues. This mainly happens when the news about the merger is leaked, which might be intentional or unintentional on the part of the management. Along with this, the absence of adequate formal communication from the top management has attributed to the perceptions of the personnel. For instance, the cultural differences between New York Central and Pennsylvania Railroad have resulted in failure of the merger, which occurred in 1968 ((Fomcenco 2015). Partner sizes: It is generally assumed that the bigger and successful firms acquire the smaller companies. However, there are many difficulties associated with such mergers, which mainly confront the employees. The most inherent problem is the low involvement of the employees in the new firm in contrast to the old one. In addition, the CEO of the large firm might not have any sort of interest or knowledge about the small business. As a result, the employees lose their beliefs regarding their company stake, which leads to increased turnover rates. For instance, the hedge fund investor, Eddie Lampert, has acquired the struggling business of Sears and merged his own company, Kmart with the former. However, the lack of long-term vision, strategies and turnover of the employees has resulted in merger failure, which occurred in 2005 (Mulherin 2012). On the other hand, when a new entrant, who is relatively of smaller size, inherits a large DIY chain of US, the foremost thing considered on the part of the staffs of the acquired company is the shelf measurement prior to re-badging. As a result, the staffs associated with the large chain undergo many complexities, when it comes to terms regarding the fact that the inexperienced minnow had chewed the successful firm (Weber and Yedidia Tarba 2012). Thus, mergers could not be predicted by following the cyclical pattern. Nature of the merger: Although the staffs expect the worst outcome in majority of the mergers, the perceptions have changed over time. This is because they believe that the new management would be more efficient to meet their needs in contrast to the existing management. However, despite having a thorough insight of the rationale, the staffs might apprehend the negative impact of their career growth, and thus, they might not be ready to accept the change. For instance, the merger between Daimler and Chrysler in 1990 had failed due to payment and bonus-related issues (Stahl 2013). In addition, another unpredictable constituent of mergers is the technique through which the individual staffs would respond to such situation. For instance, rationalising the clerical functions implies that many staffs of the acquired firm might be redundant. The firm has realised the thin opportunities of employment in the vicinity and accordingly, it undertakes liberal redundancy payments. Although the employees might not be satisfied initially losing their work, they might be excited to see another firm opening the identical facility in the same location. This is because the new firm would recruit all the redundant staffs within three months on flexible terms in contrast to the previous employer. However, this situation is purely coincidental in nature and hence, the mergers could not be anticipated by following a pattern of cycles. Economic conditions: The global economic condition is another significant attribute, which might restrict the ability to predict the occurrence of the mergers. Although there have been many successful mergers in the different phases, there are instances, in which the mergers between two companies have been successful even during times of economic downturns. For instance, the merger between Cintas and Aktenmuhle GmbH in 2008 has been successful despite the global recession, which confronted the international countries. The new valuations have been ensured by tailoring the targets before the merger, which has benefitted both the companies largely. Hence, the successful mergers could only be achieved during the phases of economic prosperity do not stand tall. This implies that the mergers could not be predicted cyclically and they occur in a random fashion. Conclusion: Based on the above discussion, it has been found that the fluctuations in the global economic conditions and modified business trends have enabled the merger activities to be predictable over time. In order to support that the merger activities happen in cyclical patterns, several instances have been put forward to validate the statement. One such example includes fall in the large hedge fund advisers from the years 2009-2012, after the US economy has started to recover from the global economic recession. In addition, increase in the reporting incidents of bank failures during the recessionary period reflects that successful mergers could not be conducted during this phase. This is further supported by laying down brief explanation of certain merger waves in US based on their characteristics and time horizon. However, arguments have been framed in this assignment as well to demonstrate that mergers occur in a random fashion and they could not be anticipated through recurring patterns. The most common example framed to support the argument is the merger between Cintas and Aktenmuhle GmbH in 2008, during which recession has hit the global economy. This is because of proper planning strategies and long-term vision. Finally, the partner sizes, nature of the merger, cultural differences and economic conditions are the other significant factors, which gainsay the cyclical pattern of merger activities. Hence, it could be inferred that though the merger activities have certain factors in common, it varies from perceptions to perceptions and goal-setting strategies of the two firms. References: Ahuja, G. and Novelli, E., 2014. Mergers and acquisitions and innovation. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199694945.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199694945-e-026 Balouziyeh, J.M., 2013. Mergers and Acquisitions. InA Legal Guide to United States Business Organizations(pp. 91-96). Springer Berlin Heidelber https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-37907-9_10 Bena, J. and Li, K., 2014. Corporate innovations and mergers and acquisitions.The Journal of Finance,69(5), pp.1923-1960. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jofi.12059/full Cartwright, S. and Cooper, C.L., 2014.Mergers and acquisitions: The human factor. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=mw6jBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Cartwright,+S.+and+Cooper,+C.L.,+2014.+Mergers+and+acquisitions:+The+human+factor.+ots=c8etymbAyIsig=ltrlwJb7Cchlkljie17JxYH3ziI#v=onepageqf=false Cooper, C.L. and Finkelstein, S. eds., 2014.Advances in mergers and acquisitions(Vol. 13). Emerald Group Publishing. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=_2OtBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Cooper,+C.L.+and+Finkelstein,+S.+eds.,+2014.+Advances+in+mergers+and+acquisitions+(Vol.+13).+Emerald+Group+Publishing.ots=cfx6SsMm4Fsig=yQguDfWV7YZpMYBJhyNf_OwtFME#v=onepageqf=false Custodio, C., 2014. Mergers and acquisitions accounting and the diversification discount.The Journal of Finance,69(1), pp.219-240. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jofi.12108/full Fich, E.M., Nguyen, T. and Officer, M.S., 2015, March. Large wealth creation in mergers and acquisitions. InAFA 2013 San Diego Meetings Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2020507 Fomcenco, A., 2015. Mergers Acquisitions. https://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/en/catalog/2291883403 Galpin, T.J. and Herndon, M., 2014.The complete guide to mergers and acquisitions: Process tools to support MA integration at every level. John Wiley Sons. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=_17BAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA133dq=Galpin,+T.J.+and+Herndon,+M.,+2014.+The+complete+guide+to+mergers+and+acquisitions:+Process+tools+to+support+M%26A+integration+at+every+level.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.+ots=c6IhNcu2Xusig=Kg0mtq6HGuOYdDi6kMwBZ5yvmSQ#v=onepageqf=false Girasa, R., 2013. Mergers and Acquisitions. InLaws and Regulations in Global Financial Markets(pp. 73-116). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137345462_3#page-1 Krug, J.A., Wright, P. and Kroll, M.J., 2014. Top management turnover following mergers and acquisitions: solid research to date but still much to be learned.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(2), pp.147-163. https://amp.aom.org/content/28/2/147.short Lebedev, S., Peng, M.W., Xie, E. and Stevens, C.E., 2015. Mergers and acquisitions in and out of emerging economies.Journal of World Business,50(4), pp.651-662. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090951614000716 Moeller, S. and Brady, C., 2014.Intelligent M A: Navigating the mergers and acquisitions minefield. John Wiley Sons. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=H9mYAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT11dq=Moeller,+S.+and+Brady,+C.,+2014.+Intelligent+M+%26+A:+Navigating+the+mergers+and+acquisitions+minefield.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.ots=7MfapQI1nrsig=f4f66Ste_PURY48_cCp6BUzXgfQ#v=onepageqf=false Mulherin, J.H., 2012.Mergers and Acquisitions. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/elgeebook/15061.htm Stahl, G.K., 2013. The role of trust in mergers and acquisitions: a conceptual framework and empirical evidence.Handbook of Research on Mergers and Acquisitions, p.1. Weber, Y. and Yedidia Tarba, S., 2012. Mergers and acquisitions process: The use of corporate culture analysis.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,19(3), pp.288-303. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdf/10.1108/13527601211247053

Legt free essay sample

On completion of this week in you should be able to: Explain what is ‘unconscionable conduct’ within the meaning of the ACL Explain what is meant by ‘misleading or deceptive conduct’ in s 18, ACL and identify different types of conduct that might be misleading or deceptive Identify the different types of false representations set out in s 29, ACL Identify defences available for breaches of the consumer protection provisions Suggest possible remedies for breaches of the consumer protection provisions Explain what the law says about ‘no refund’ signs Sale of Goods/Product Liability Please note – in this unit we are NOT DEALING with: †¢ Sale of Goods †¢ Product Liability Therefore the following paragraphs in Latimer are NOT RELEVANT:  ¶7-011 to  ¶7-215 3 4 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) †¢ As discussed last week, the Competition and Consumer Act (‘CCA’) is a federal/Commonwealth statute that: Regulates ‘RESTRICTIVE TRADE’ practices to produce greater competition and efficiency in the market for the benefit of consumers; and Protects the interests of consumers of goods, services and land against ‘UNFAIR PRACTICES’ †¢ Prior to 1 January 2011, the CCA was known as the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) Australian Consumer Law (ACL) †¢ Consumer law and ‘unfair practices’ dealt with by the Australian Consumer Law †¢ Australia Consumer Law (ACL) is Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) †¢ In this course we will focus on the following types of conduct: ss 20-22: unconscionable conduct s 18: misleading or deceptive conduct s 29: false representations 5 The Regulator Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) †¢ Regulator responsible for administering the CCA †¢ Primary responsibility: to ensure individuals and businesses comply with Commonwealth consumer protection, fair trading and competition/trade practices laws †¢ Until 1995, was the Trade Practices Commission (TPC) †¢ Also see http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Legt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page accc. gov. au Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Who is a â€Å"consumer†? See Latimer at  ¶7-012 †¢ Supply of goods or services †¢ Cost less than $40K: s3(1)(a) †¢ Cost more than $40K and are â€Å"of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption: s3(1)(b) 8 Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Note: The ACL implies non-excludable consumer guarantees for the supply of goods and services to â€Å"consumers†: to be discussed later Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Who is a â€Å"consumer†? See Latimer at  ¶7-012 †¢ Purchase of goods by a business will be a consumer contract if: goods are personal, domestic or household goods AND not used up in business (eg for re-supply or in the process of manufacture etc) Australian Consumer Law (ACL) †¢ Who is a â€Å"consumer†? See Latimer at  ¶7-012 †¢ Section 3 asks: whether goods are acquired to be used or consumed (a consumer transaction) OR whether goods are to be used up in a business (a non-consumer transaction) Unconscionable conduct †¢ The unconscionability provisions provide consumers (and small business) with protection from unconscionable (unfair) conduct 12 Unconscionable conduct †¢ Where one party to a transaction is at a disadvantage, because of: age sickness illiteracy financial needs lack of explanation when required language (i. e. on-English speaking) and the other party takes advantage of this for gain Unconscionable conduct Amadio’s case: The plaintiff has to establish: †¢ They were in a position of ‘special disadvantage’ †¢ That substantially affected their ability to protect themselves †¢ The defendant knew, or ought to have known, of the plaintiff’s disability and not taken advantage of it AND †¢ Actions of defendant wer e unconscionable 13 Unconscionable conduct †¢ Section 20 (ACL): defines unconscionability in general terms â€Å"A person must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is unconscionable†¦. Applies the common law principles from Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio to business disputes Unconscionable conduct †¢ Section 22 Relative bargaining positions of the parties Did the consumer have to comply with conditions that were not reasonably necessary? Did the consumer understand the documentation? Was there any undue influence, pressure or unfair tactics? Could the consumer have obtained the same goods or services elsewhere †¢ Section 21: prohibits statutory unconscionability in connection with the supply or acquisition of goods or services †¢ Section 22: statutory checklist (see next slide) 15 See Latimer at  ¶5-756) 16 Misleading or deceptive conduct †¢ Section 18 (ACL): ‘A person shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive’ Misleading or deceptive conduct †¢ Section 18 (formerly, s 52): most sued on piece of legislation in Australia †¢ Not restricted in its usage to consumers and can be equally enforced by competitors or suppliers against other competitors or suppliers Section 18 was formerly s 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) 17 18 Misleading or deceptive conduct and the Financial Services Industry †¢ Misleading or deceptive conduct, misrepresentation and unconscionable conduct in relation to financial services are caught by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 and looked after by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) See Latimer at  ¶7-240 Misleading or deceptive conduct prohibited Section 18 is made up of the following elements: Conduct by a person In the activity of supplying goods or services in trade or commerce; and Who has engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct or conduct that is likely to mislead or deceive 19 20 What is misleading or deceptive? †¢ Conduct is misleading if it will: lead a consumer astray in action or conduct or lead a consumer into making an error Conduct is deceptive if it leads people to believe what is false, if it misleads as to a matter of fact: Weitmann v Katies Ltd, see Latimer at  ¶7-250 The test = question of fact to be determined in context of evidence/facts of each case 21 What is misleading or deceptive? †¢ Courts have formulated the test that a statement is misleading if: it would lead one ordinary member of the public, who is likely to read the statement or be influenced by it into error Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at  ¶7-250 †¢ †¢ 22 Relevant section of the public †¢ Who is likely to be misled or deceived by the conduct in question? †¢ Need to identify the class of persons who are prospective purchasers and who are likely to be affected by the conduct †¢ Ask: At whom was the conduct directed? Would those persons have been likely to be led into error by the conduct? Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at  ¶7-250 23 Relevant section of the public †¢ Once relevant section of public identified, consider all who come within it †¢ .. the astute and the gullible, the intelligent and the not so intelligent, the well-educated as well as the poorly educated, men and women of various ages pursuing a variety of vocations†¦. Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at  ¶7-250 4 What is misleading or deceptive? Whether conduct is misleading or deceptive is determined by the court using an objective test of: ‘†¦whether a reasonable person would be misled or deceived. ’ Standard for assessing conduct The standard should be set by reference to that section of the public who is exposed or potentially exposed to the relevant conduct 25 26 Likely to mislead or deceive †¢ Not necessary to pro ve that anyone was actually misled †¢ Need real possibility or not remote chance that someone might be misled Misleading/deceptive conduct What is ‘conduct’? †¢ Conduct has a broad meaning and includes: Statements of Opinion Broken promises and false predictions Statements that are literally true but which create a false impression Pre-contractual statements Silence BUT: puffery or self-evident exaggeration that are promotional statements in advertising and that cannot be taken literally (eg the juiciest oranges in Qld), will not be taken to infringe s 18 27 28 Silence Silence may be misleading or deceptive: TPC v The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd Silence †¢ Failure to communicate a relevant fact may cause the true representation of another fact to be misleading Abigroup v Peninsula †¢ No general duty of disclosure BUT conduct may be misleading or deceptive if facts give rise to a REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF DISCLOSURE See Latimer at  ¶7-250 †¢ Traditional secretiveness of a bargaining process is NOT a licence to deceive Poseidon Ltd v Adelaide P etroleum NL See Latimer at  ¶7-250 29 Misleading/deceptive conduct What is misleading or deceptive? †¢ Mere confusion or causing uncertainty will not amount to conduct that is misleading or deceptive. †¢ McWilliam’s Wines Pty Ltd v McDonald’s System of Australia Pty Ltd †¢ Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu See Latimer at  ¶7-250 How to avoid acting in breach of s 18 †¢ Comparisons must be ACCURATE †¢ Compare like with like 31 32 Misleading/deceptive conduct Roadmap of s 18 †¢ See Latimer at  ¶7-251 False Representations False Representations: s 29 (ACL) Breach of section 29 will result in either: prosecution by the ACCC for a criminal offence OR the injured party being provided with civil remedies (eg damages). The section prohibits the making of false representations in connection with the promotion and supply of goods and services in 14 subsections†¦. See Latimer at  ¶7-290 to  ¶7-375 33 34 False Representations s 29(1)( a): No false representation about the standard, degree of quality, value, grade, composition, style, model, history or previous use of goods †¢ s 29(1)(b) no false representations regarding services †¢ s 29(1)(c): no false representations that goods are new †¢ s 29(1)(d): no false representations that goods or services have been ordered †¢ s 29(1)(e)/(f): no false representations regarding testimonials relating to goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(g): no false representations about performance characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits of goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(h): no false representations regarding sponsorship, approval or affiliation 35 False Representations †¢ s 29(1)(i): no false representations about the price of goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(j): no false representations about repair facilities or spare parts †¢ s 29(1)(k): no false representations about place of origin †¢ s 29(1)(l): no false representations about the need for any goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(m): no false representations about the existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty, guarantee, right or remedy †¢ S 29(1)(n): no false representations concerning a requirement to pay for a contractual right 36 Other unfair practices Bait advertising – s 35, ACL: A person is prohibited from advertising of goods or services at a special price where it does not intend to offer those goods or services for a reasonable period and in a reasonable amount See Latimer at  ¶7-420 No wrongly accepting payment – s 36, ACL: Knowing you will not or cannot supply the promised goods/services See Latimer at  ¶7-440 No misleading representations about certain business activities – s 37, ACL: A business must not make false or misleading representations about business opportunities See Latimer at  ¶7-450 37 Other unfair practices Referral selling – s 49, ACL: A person shall not induce a consumer to acquire goods or services by representing that the consumer will benefit after the contract is made by providing names of prospective customers See Latimer at  ¶7-480 No harassment and coercion – s 50, ACL: No use of pressure tactics or physical force/undue harassment or coercion See Latimer at  ¶7-485 38 Other unfair practices Pyramid Selling – s 44 to 46, ACL: A trading scheme in which a promoter offers to sell to a participant both the right to sell a particular product or service and the right to introduce others into the scheme in the same way Both the promoter and participants trying to recruit others in the scheme are caught under this section See Latimer at  ¶7-470 Other unfair practices Unsolicited Credit Cards – s 39, ACL: Prohibits the sending of unsolicited credit or debit cards to a person unless they were requested See Latimer at  ¶7-460 Unsolicited goods or services – ss 43, ACL: Prohibits a business pushing a right to payment for unsolicited goods or services See Latimer at  ¶7-460 39 40 Defences Defences for breach include: reasonable mistake of fact breach caused by a third party or due to some cause beyond the control of the defendant defendant took reasonable precautions and exercised due diligence to avoid contravention publisher’s defence: reliance on information supplied by another person, information/advertisement received in the ordinary course of business and publisher had no reason to suspect that publication would breach the ACL See Latimer at  ¶7-530 41 Enforcement and Remedies The ACL provides that certain breaches of the law are sufficiently serious such that they may be treated as criminal offences, to which criminal sanctions apply See Latimer at  ¶7-510 to  ¶7-540, see especially Table 1 at  ¶7-510 Misleading/deceptive conduct: Remedies Breach of s 18 is not an offence resulting in a criminal penalty: see Latimer, Table 1 at  ¶7-510 †¢ Remedies for breach of s 18 include: injunction damages but the misleading or deceptive conduct must have caused the loss or damage suffered †¢ Enforcement and Remedies Penalties (except for s18): $1 100 000 per offence in case of a corporation $220 000 per offence in case of a natural person Undertakings Substantiation notices Public warning notices Infringement not ices Injunctions Damages Other orders: Varying or refusing to enforce a contract Refund money or return property Specific performance Community service Corrective advertising Compliance programs †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ See Latimer at  ¶7-520 43 44 No refund signs †¢ No need to display signs about refunds †¢ BUT if sign is displayed, need to be sure that it does not mislead consumers about their rights under the ACL For example, cannot claim ‘No refunds’, ‘No refunds after 7 days’, Exchange or repair only, or We do not refund’ Signs like these are likely to create the impression that consumers have no right to a refund at all See Latimer at  ¶7-370 No refund signs †¢ Consumers are legally entitled to a refund if the implied guarantees have not been met †¢ See www. accc. gov. au: brochure on Warranty and Refund Obligations 45 Consumer Guarantees when goods are supplied The ACL implies into consumer contracts certain non-excludable conditions and warranties (by retailers/suppliers and manufacturers to consumers): Regarding title and right to dispose of the goods: s 51, ACL Undisturbed possession: s 52, ACL Freedom from undisclosed securities: s 53, ACL Goods are of acceptable quality: s 54, ACL Goods are fit for purpose: s 55, ACL Goods match their description: s 56, ACL Goods match the sample (or the demonstration model): s 57, ACL Repairs and spare parts will be available: s 58, ACL Next lecture †¢ Final lecture: week 12 †¢ Tutorials will continue until week 13 (Note the above are mirrored in State Sale of Goods legislation, NOT studied in this course) See Latimer at  ¶7-035 to  ¶7-100 47 48

Free Essays on Female Serial Killers

FEMALE SERIAL KILLERS The female serial killer often remains unobserved, hidden in the background and obscured by her male counterpart. Her actions are rare and uncommon, but never fail. She acts in a more subtle and precise way and she is lethal and merciless. The majority of her heinous crimes have not been apprehended. The concept of the female serial killer herself still lies within the sphere of ambiguity. It is time, however, to apprehend this quiet serial killer and bring her crimes to the forefront of our attention. Before entering any detailed discussion of the female serial killer, it is essential to identify what distinguishes a serial murderer from any other murderer. A murderer is usually defined as serial based upon two factors: one, the number of murders that take place; and two, the time framework within which the perpetrator operates and hence the period that elapses between each killing. The number of murders committed may range between the minimum of two to as many as four and more. Although the time period within which the killer is acting may be the subject of controversy, criminologists and researchers usually agree on an interval of thirty days as adequate to define a number of murders as being serial in nature and hence the perpetrator as a serial killer. Thus, according to Kelleher, one common definition of serial murderer is the person that engages in â€Å"the act of murdering three or more individuals in a period of thirty days or more† (Kelleher, 4). Although this definition is sufficient in identifying the serial murderer, it does not distinguish between male and female perpetrators. There is however, a fine line separating the serial killers of opposite sexes. For instance, the average period of active killing for the females is eight years whereas for the males it is only four. Female serial killers rarely torture their victims or commit any atrocities on their victims’ bodies. They prefer more sub... Free Essays on Female Serial Killers Free Essays on Female Serial Killers FEMALE SERIAL KILLERS The female serial killer often remains unobserved, hidden in the background and obscured by her male counterpart. Her actions are rare and uncommon, but never fail. She acts in a more subtle and precise way and she is lethal and merciless. The majority of her heinous crimes have not been apprehended. The concept of the female serial killer herself still lies within the sphere of ambiguity. It is time, however, to apprehend this quiet serial killer and bring her crimes to the forefront of our attention. Before entering any detailed discussion of the female serial killer, it is essential to identify what distinguishes a serial murderer from any other murderer. A murderer is usually defined as serial based upon two factors: one, the number of murders that take place; and two, the time framework within which the perpetrator operates and hence the period that elapses between each killing. The number of murders committed may range between the minimum of two to as many as four and more. Although the time period within which the killer is acting may be the subject of controversy, criminologists and researchers usually agree on an interval of thirty days as adequate to define a number of murders as being serial in nature and hence the perpetrator as a serial killer. Thus, according to Kelleher, one common definition of serial murderer is the person that engages in â€Å"the act of murdering three or more individuals in a period of thirty days or more† (Kelleher, 4). Although this definition is sufficient in identifying the serial murderer, it does not distinguish between male and female perpetrators. There is however, a fine line separating the serial killers of opposite sexes. For instance, the average period of active killing for the females is eight years whereas for the males it is only four. Female serial killers rarely torture their victims or commit any atrocities on their victims’ bodies. They prefer more sub...

Bi-Lingual Education

Bi-Lingual Education Essay Bilingual EducationEducation is very important. There use to be a time when you didn’t have to go to school. When it was only important for men to have an education. Times have really changed. Now it is crucial for everyone in our society to have an education. Survival is the main reason: a cohesive society is another. Our schools today need to keep Bilingual education as a tool for teaching: not only for the sake of our society but also for the sense of our culture. Bilingual education in our schools is crucial: but still there is talk about banning the use of foreign language in the instruction of our young children. We have to work to change that kind of attitude. We have to proceed from the assumption that bilingual education is a sound educational proposition for all children and that it addresses the needs of all the constituencies of education. Now more than ever the words of Thomas Jefferson ring with special meaning: in 1977, in a letter to his nephew, Jefferson said: â€Å"Bestow great attention on Spanish and endeavor to acquire an accurate knowledge of it. Our future connections with Spain and Spanish America will render that language a valuable acquisition. The ancient history of that part of America, too, is written in that language†. (qt. in A Relook ’66). Hispanic leaders should plan an initiative to help Hispanic youths do better in school. Its a coming-together as a community to deal with a very pressing issue. The organizations should be composed of public officials, students, educators, administrators, and business people and should try to determine the biggest problems facing Latino students in their community. These groups need to work together to develop a statewide agenda. Hispanic students, according to some studies, lag behind other students in classroom performance; have the highest dropout rate of any ethnic group in the country; and, according to federal data, are less likely to pursue higher learning(Tucson â⠂¬â„¢66). We as a society, need to have a school system that prepares our students for higher education if that is their choice. Society needs to work together to change the educational process for Latino students. Consider these numbers, which we drew from As A Relook at Tucson ’66 states† Minority groups are being shortchanged by more than 200,000 teaching jobs in the public elementary and secondary schools of the nation. In 1972, the enrollment of the nation’s public schools was 44.6 million. As a relook at Tucson ’66 states, the number of English speakers in the Western Hemisphere is only slightly larger than that of Spanish speakers. By the year 2000 the number of Spanish speakers will be far greater than the number of english speakers. Statistics indicate that the United States is now one of the major Spanish-American countries. One statistical example: If the figures on illegal Mexican aliens are correct, that means that every year the United States adds another city the size of Albuquerque and Tucson combined. Or, put it another way, it adds another state larger in population than Wyoming and Alaska combined†(a relook at Tucson 14). The policy of most governments toward bilingualism in the home is and long has been one of neglect. A few countries actively encourage it, especially if the second (non-community) language is the more important language in the country or in the world, or if the minority (community) language is the language of a group given special consideration under the law. Many countries, which have recently been colonies, for example, encourage their young people to learn the language of their former Mother Country, because bilingualism of this type is important in international trade and politics. However, we could find castles full of research and still very little is being done in public schools to improve and enforce bilingual education. We have to use the research being conducted about bilingual edu cation and improve bilingual education. Some public schools want to stop bilingual education, saying that its detrimental to students but they dont put any consideration in improving it, or educating themselves on the needs of not just Latino but all children. All bilingual children deserve further discussion on the issues of culture, immigration, ethnicity and adjustment. READ: Free Grapes of Wraths: Steinbeck's Language Essay Truly bilingual workers, proficient in English and a second language, will be more valuable and marketable as global trade continues to grow. With these facts in mind, some states are launching a visionary effort to develop a dual-language work force. The idea is to convince local school districts to offer a second language beginning at the prekindergarten level and encourage employers to help adults learn another language. Spanish is an obvious second-language choice for many because of the rapid growth of Hispanics in our country. The relationship with Mexico and Latin America will grow stronger if businesses take advantage of their position and opportunity. More than 22,500,000 of our countries population already speaks Spanish http://www.docuweb.ca/SiSpain/english/language/worldwid.html). However, officials cite a growing demand for more Spanish-speaking professionals. The future work force would be better positioned to build international connections if most professionals had a second language. Students would gain a better understanding of the world by learning another language. Pursuing a dual-language work force is a sound idea that will boost the countries’ economy and personally benefit its individuals. We as a society should encourage local school districts, businesses and civic-minded groups to embrace the effort. We must try to build a society were human diversity is promoted and not destroyed. The key to program improvement is not in finding a program that works for all children and all localities, or finding a program component (such as native language instruction) that works as some sort of magic bullet, but rather finding a set of program components that works for the children in the community of interest, given the goals, and resources of that community. The best bilingual education programs include all of these characteristics: ESL instruction, sheltered subject matter teaching, and instruction in the first language. Non-English-speakin g children initially receive core instruction in the primary language along with ESL instruction. As children grow more proficient in English, they learn subjects using more contextualized language (math and science) in sheltered classes taught in English, and eventually in mainstream classes. In this way, the sheltered classes function as a bridge between instruction in the first language and in the mainstream. In advanced levels, the only subjects done in the first language are those demanding the most abstract use of language (social studies and language arts). Once full mainstreaming is complete, advanced first language development is available as an option. Gradual exit plans, such as these, avoid problems associated with exiting children too early (before the English they encounter is comprehensible) and provide instruction in the first language where it is most needed. These plans also allow children to have the advantages of advanced first language development. A common argu ment against bilingual education is the observation that many people have succeeded without it. This has certainly happened. In these cases, however, the successful person got plenty of comprehensible input in the second language, and in many cases had a de facto bilingual education program. For example, Rodriguez (1982) and de la Pe?a (1991) are often cited as counter-evidence to bilingual education. Rodriguez (1982) tells us that he succeeded in school without a special program and acquired a very high level of English literacy. He had two crucial advantages, however, that most limited- English-proficient (LEP) children do not have. First, he grew up in an English-speaking neighborhood in Sacramento, California, and thus got a great deal of informal comprehensible input from classmates. Many LEP children today encounter English only at school; they live in neighborhoods where Spanish prevails. In addition, Rodriguez became a voracious reader, which helped him acquire academic lang uage. Most LEP children have little access to books. READ: Customer Service In Abc Stores EssayRandom assignment to treatment and control groups, as in medical experiments, is the highest quality research design because it increases the confidence in the conclusion that any differences between the groups after a period of treatment can be attributed to that treatment. The results from the five studies in which subjects were randomly assigned to bilingual and control programs favor bilingual education even more strongly. The estimated benefit of bilingual programs on all test scores in English according to these studies with random assignment is .26 of a standard deviation. The positive effect on reading scores is .41 of a standard deviation among the studies with random assignment. And the improvement in scores measured in Spanish is .92 of a standard deviation in the studies with random assignment to treatment and control groups. All of these estimated benefits of bilingual education from studies with random assignment are extremel y unlikely to have been produced by chance. The fact that the studies of bilingual programs with random assignment, the highest quality research design, have even stronger results greatly increases the confidence in the conclusion that bilingual education positively affects educational attainment. In sum, the NRC report finds that on average, bilingual education programs are more effective than English-only programs. However, there are many other important factors that influence student outcomes. There is much more work left to do by the schools if we are to enable LEP students to achieve at high academic levels. Improvement would have to focus on teachers, teaching, academic content and standards, accountability, school-wide leadership, program integration, parent involvement-and effective use of the native language to assure high level and meaningful learning for all students from the time they enter school. Proposition 227 removes an important tool use of the native language fr om the hands of educators it would only serve to make even more difficult the challenges of school improvement. A society with no education cannot compete in the modern world. We as a society need to fight to keep Bilingual education as a teaching tool in the schooling system. Social Issues